Factorial de un numero

Factorial de un numero.

Sistema Scada

DEFINITION OF SCADA SYSTEM. 

SCADA STANDS FOR SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION). 

A SCADA IS A COMPUTER-BASED MONITOR AND CONTROL THAT ENABLES REMOTE INSTALLATION OF ANY SYSTEM. UNLIKE DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS, THE CONTROL LOOP IS CLOSED BY THE OPERATOR GENERALLY. DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY PERFORMING CONTROL ACTIONS AUTOMATICALLY. TODAY IT IS EASY TO FIND A SCADA SYSTEM PERFORMING TASKS AUTOMATIC CONTROL IN ANY LEVEL, BUT THEIR MAIN TASK IS MONITORING AND CONTROL BY THE OPERATOR. TABLE NO. 1 SHOWS A COMPARISON OF THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE SCADA SYSTEMS AND DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS (DCS) IS SHOWN (THESE FEATURES ARE NOT LIMITING TO ONE TYPE OR SYSTEMS ARE TYPICAL).

THE FLOW OF INFORMATION ON SCADA SYSTEMS IS AS FOLLOWS: THE PHYSICAL PHENOMENON WHAT IS THE VARIABLE THAT WE WANT TO MEASURE. DEPENDING ON THE PROCESS, THE NATURE OF THE PHENOMENON IS VERY DIVERSE: PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, FLOW, POWER, CURRENT, VOLTAGE, PH, DENSITY, ETC. THIS PHENOMENON SHOULD LEAD TO A VARIABLE THAT IS INTELLIGIBLE TO THE SCADA SYSTEM, IE, AN ELECTRICAL VARIABLE. TO THIS END, SENSORS OR TRANSDUCERS ARE USED. 

SENSORS TRANSDUCERS OR CONVERTING VARIATIONS OF THE PHYSICAL PHENOMENON IN PROPORTIONAL VARIATIONS OF AN ELECTRICAL VARIABLE. THE ELECTRICAL VARIABLES MOST COMMONLY USED ARE: VOLTAGE, CURRENT, CHARGE, RESISTANCE OR CAPACITANCE. 

HOWEVER, THESE VARIOUS TYPES OF ELECTRIC SIGNALS MUST BE PROCESSED TO BE UNDERSTOOD BY THE DIGITAL COMPUTER. THIS USED SIGNAL CONDITIONERS, WHOSE FUNCTION IS TO REFERENCE THESE ELECTRICAL CHANGES ON THE SAME SCALE CURRENT OR VOLTAGE. IT ALSO PROVIDES ELECTRICAL ISOLATION AND FILTERING OF THE SIGNAL IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE SYSTEM FROM TRANSIENTS AND NOISE ARISING IN THE FIELD. 

ONCE FITTED THE SIGNAL, IT IS CONVERTED INTO AN EQUIVALENT DIGITAL VALUE IN THE BLOCK DATA CONVERSION. GENERALLY, THIS FUNCTION IS PERFORMED BY A CIRCUIT FOR ANALOGUE / DIGITAL CONVERSION. THE COMPUTER STORES THIS INFORMATION, WHICH IS USED FOR ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE INFORMATION IS DISPLAYED TO THE USER OF THE SYSTEM IN REAL TIME. 

BASED ON THE INFORMATION, THE OPERATOR CAN MAKE THE DECISION TO PERFORM A CONTROL ACTION ON THE PROCESS. THE OPERATOR COMMANDS THE COMPUTER TO DO IT, AND AGAIN MUST BECOME DIGITAL INFORMATION INTO AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL. THIS ELECTRICAL SIGNAL IS PROCESSED BY AN OUTPUT CONTROL, WHICH FUNCTIONS AS A SIGNAL CONDITIONER, WHICH SCALE TO MANAGE A GIVEN DEVICE: A RELAY COIL, SETPOINT OF A CONTROLLER, ETC. 

NEED A SCADA SYSTEM. 

TO ASSESS WHETHER A SCADA SYSTEM IS NEEDED TO HANDLE A GIVEN INSTALLATION, THE PROCESS CONTROL MUST MEET THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS: 

A) THE NUMBER OF PROCESS VARIABLES THAT NEED TO BE MONITORED IS HIGHER. 

B) THE PROCESS IS GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED. THIS CONDITION IS NOT RESTRICTIVE, SINCE IT CAN INSTALL A SCADA FOR MONITORING AND CONTROLLING A PROCESS CONCENTRATED IN ONE LOCATION. C) THE REQUIRED PROCESS INFORMATION AT THE TIME THAT THE CHANGES IN THE SAME, OR IN OTHER WORDS, THE INFORMATION IS REQUIRED IN REAL TIME. 

D) THE NEED TO OPTIMIZE AND FACILITATE PLANT OPERATIONS AND DECISION MAKING, BOTH MANAGERIAL AND OPERATIONAL. 

E) THE PROFITS IN THE PROCESS JUSTIFY THE INVESTMENT IN A SCADA SYSTEM. THESE BENEFITS MAY BE REFLECTED AS INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF PRODUCTION, SAFETY STANDARDS, ETC. 

F) THE COMPLEXITY AND SPEED OF THE PROCESS ALLOWS MOST OF THE CONTROL ACTIONS ARE INITIATED BY AN OPERATOR. OTHERWISE, IT WILL REQUIRE AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM, WHICH IT MAY CONSTITUTE A DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM, PLC'S, CONTROLLERS CLOSED-LOOP OR A COMBINATION THEREOF. 

FUNCTIONS. 

AMONG THE BASIC FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY A SCADA SYSTEM ARE THE FOLLOWING: 

A) COLLECT, STORE AND DISPLAY INFORMATION CONTINUOUSLY AND RELIABLY, LEDS LIGHT FIELD: DEVICE STATUS, MEASUREMENTS, ALARMS, ETC. 

B) IMPLEMENT CONTROL MEASURES INITIATED BY THE OPERATOR, SUCH AS OPENING OR CLOSING VALVES, STARTING OR STOPPING PUMPS, ETC. 

C) ALERT THE OPERATOR CHANGES DETECTED IN THE PLANT, BOTH THOSE THAT ARE NOT CONSIDERED NORMAL (ALARMS) AND CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE DAILY OPERATION OF THE PLANT (EVENTS). THESE CHANGES ARE STORED IN THE SYSTEM FOR LATER ANALYSIS. 

D) APPLICATIONS IN GENERAL, BASED ON THE INFORMATION OBTAINED BY THE SYSTEM, SUCH AS REPORTS, TREND GRAPHS, HISTORY VARIABLES, ESTIMATES, FORECASTS, LEAK DETECTION, ETC.

La suma de 4 numeros

Diagrama de la suma de 4 números. 

History of Pentium processors

History of Pentium processors.

The evolution of Intel processors over the last twenty years has been truly remarkable. Two decades ago, the processors 486 were the absolute cutting edge hardware for desktop computers, with double-digit speed. So Intel introduced its chips Pentium , and something changed forever in the computer world. A new generation of speed and optimizations made ​​an appearance, and although it was not without problems, generated the spark that propelled forward the development of multiple series of processors, up to the awesome chips we use these days.

It was the beginning of the decade of the 90s, or more precisely speaking, the year 1993 Some of the processors 486 and took four years in the market, however, was one who could be considered a demigod walking on earth, having note the "heavy" applications that were then: DOS operating system, and Windows 3.1 as "environment" . But Intel , which at the time was facing a much tougher competition from alternatives such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix and Texas Instruments, decided to launch a new platform, improving this technology in 486 chips considerably. The designated name was Pentium, representing the fifth generation of processors. One reason for the new name was because the patent office refused to register numbers as property. At that time, processors were classified as 80386 and 80486 If it had been possible, perhaps what we know as Pentium today would not have been anything other than 80586, but Intel knew at the time that it would need more than a flashy name to prevail address existing platforms. The popularity of the 486 was impressive, to such an extent that Intel recently stopped making it in 2007, although they were already oriented to embedded systems with specific objectives.

The March 22, 1993 witnessed the emergence of the Pentium 60 . Both its frequency and bus were synchronized at 60 megahertz, and marked the emergence of a new socket, the socket 4 for a new motherboard was necessary to receive (there was one exception, that will name later) . Integrated floating point unit, 64-bit data bus, and massive power consumption (based on five volts) were some of the features of the new processor. Al Pentium knew him as original P5 in technical circle, and had only higher, speed of 66 megahertz. Power consumption became a real problem: Intel had to keep elevating 5.25V stable at 66 megahertz chip, which also sparked a demon today we can not even beat the all temperature. Required more efficient design (it was not for nothing that he was called "heater coffee" to Pentium) , and that's how Intel came in October 1994, to create the P54C, a revised version of the Pentium that in addition to lowering 3.3v voltage, also possible to raise the clock speeds of 75, 90 and 100 megahertz, respectively. However, there were two very important points that worked against the adoption of the Pentium: New P54C require a new socket, the socket 5, which was not backwards compatible with the previous socket. And most importantly, a bug was discovered in the floating point unit integrated into the design of the Pentium, which was popularized as the "bug FDIV" .What really caused problems was not the mistake itself, but the fact that Intel had been conscious of itfive months before it was reported by Professor Thomas Nicely of Lynchburg College, while working with processor on the constant Brun.

Furthermore, Intel should offer an upgrade option for systems with old sockets, and it was created as the Pentium OverDrive . According to Intel, those users with a system 486 could place an OverDrive processor and achieve a very similar to the Pentium processor performance. Unfortunately, the OverDrive design was the victim of multiple compatibility issues, affecting the final performance. The alternatives presented by AMD and Cyrix offered performance, and there were circumstances in which even a 486DX4 could beat an OverDrive. Nor should we forget the price, because although Intel had launched the OverDrive for users to avoid changing the whole system, the money saved in the process should invest on virtually OverDrive itself. The first OverDrive were available to socket 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8.

In just over three years, Intel had managed to triple the speed of its Pentium chips . The P54C paved the way for P54CS that raised the frequencies 133, 150, 166 and 200 megahertz respectively. Between the two lines appeared P54CQS, represented only by the Pentium 120 From designs 120 megahertz Pentium chips left behind at FDIV bug, but the front was opened in two. First, P55C appeared, most known among users as Pentium MMX . Secondly, Intel released the Pentium Pro in November 1995 to close with the fifth generation, introduced to the market P55C MMX extension , an additional set of instructions that increased chip performance in certain multimedia processes. The desktop versions had speeds of 166, 200 and 233 megahertz, using the socket 7 that existed from the P54C. The MMX OverDrive processors also had their sockets previous version, but his low popularity remained unchanged.

The next in line was the Pentium Pro . since its launch is officially known as a member of the sixth generation of processors, also called P6, or i686, a term used even in these days (you can find it in the names of the images of some Linux distros) . The Pentium Pro quickly ran as a completely different chip family P5, despite the shared name. He did not have MMX instructions, but its performance was massive, thanks to increased clock speeds and designs that had an L2 cache memory to a megabyte.One of the highlights was the Pentium Pro performance with 32-bit software. At least their speed exceeded that of the Pentium by 25 percent, but at the same time this was one of the things that hurt.With excellent performance on 32-bit speed in 16-bit processes was lower , which gave even younger siblings. As if that were not enough, a high price (caused by the complexity of the design) and the need to change socket again (socket 8) , made ​​the Pentium Pro a very unpopular processor among users, but maintained a presence between high-performance servers. His models were 150, 166, 180 and 200 megahertz, with variants of 256 KB, 512 KB and 1 MB of L2 cache.

Despite the problems faced with the Pentium Pro, Intel took what they learned when designing this chip, creating the basis for what would be the Pentium II , Pentium III , Celeron and Xeon . The Pentium II first appeared in May 1997 and had a radical design: The "chip" had become "cartridge" officially presenting the slot 1 also introduced the MMX extension, and corrected performance problems in applications 16 bits that had plagued the Pentium Pro. Their L2 cache was 512 KB, albeit slower, using half the bandwidth. However, the fact that Intel integrate the cache memory in the cartridge and not allowed inside the core cut costs enough to make the Pentium II a very attractive option for consumers, more than ever outside the Pentium Pro. Their first version was known as the Klamath, which used a bus of 66 megahertz, and had speeds of 233, 266 and 300 megahertz. Less than a year later came the Deschutes family, with models 333, 350, 400, and 450 megahertz. The bus of the Deschutes was raised to one hundred megahertz (except model 333 which remained at 66) , which was maintained in subsequent processors. Three months after the onset of the Deschutes, Intel released the processor Celeron , an economical and much less powerful version of the Pentium II. Its main weakness was the absence of L2 cache, which aroused many complaints from the public. However, both this and the later Celeron with 128 KB of L2 cache demonstrated unprecedented potential foroverclocking . The Celeron 300A became one of the most coveted processors, because with proper configuration it could carry an impressive 450 megahertz, a yield that had little to envy the Pentium II 450, much more expensive. As to Xeon, from the beginning it was positioned as a server processor. A different from the Pentium II slot and a larger amount of cache were just two of the many factors that determined this.

The Pentium III were clearly defined into three sub-generations. The first was Katmai, which featured an increase in clock speed, and the incorporation of new SSE instructions for multimedia acceleration.Models were 450, 500, 533, 550 and 600 megahertz. While Xeon had also acquired the characteristics of the Pentium III through new versions, eight months later, in October 1999, reached the Coppermine models. The Coppermine marked the reintroduction of the sockets from Intel chips, with the arrival of the socket 370 . many users have crossed on their way to the famous "adapters" socket 370 to slot 1 to use the new chips on motherboards with slot slot 1, and compatibility issues that could arise with it.The Coppermine were among the first to offer "regular" users the ability to have a 1 GHz processor, a barrier that is not expected to reach until several years. Some additional details are found in the inclusion of 133 megahertz bus, full use of the bus in the L2 cache and updating the Celeron line, incorporating improvements in Coppermine. Finally came the Tualatin. By themselves, these Pentium III were very powerful, as the top models had a 1.4 Ghz clock, and 512 KB of L2 cache. But they were extremely hard to come by, not to mention their high cost, and the detail that many motherboards were inconsistent with these processors due to design limitations in their chipsets. Who will feature a motherboard support and near Tualatin, had a monster as a computer.

Up here we come to what may be regarded as "ancient history" , because now entered the era of the first Pentium 4 , which for lack of other words, they were too many to taste and understanding of users. The first corresponded to the Willamette P4 family, starting with a clock speed of 1.3 Ghz, new socket (423), and the introduction of SSE2 instructions. Then came the Northwood, the Gallatin (known as Extreme Edition) , the Prescott, the Prescott 2M, Cedar Mill and finally All these families had multiple changes. Abandoning the socket 423 in favor of 478, the introduction of Hyper- Threading , buses of 533 megahertz, SSE3 instructions, buses 800 megahertz, virtualization, socket 775, and most importantly, the arrival of the NetBurst microarchitecture. The maximum speed of the Pentium 4 3.8 Ghz reached impressive, but this was more a limitation than an achievement. Intel could not go beyond this speed without further increasing the voltage and thermal design, which would also be problematic also be too expensive. Intel needed to do the simplest things, in several senses.

The socket 423 was abandoned in a reasonably short time

It is still possible to find computers with a Pentium 4 like this inside

The solution came through something as everyday for us: The multiple nuclei . Although the first dual-core Pentium appeared in May 2005 (known as the Pentium D) , yet they can be found running like the first day. Early attempts to Intel were somewhat coarse as the Pentium D were found to be very inefficient, especially in the aspect of temperature. Smithfield and Presler, along with their variations XE, were what gave shape to this series of Pentium D processors. The NetBurst architecture needed a replacement, and this came with something that is already familiar to us all: Processors Core 2 Duo .While Core models passed to the forefront, representing models of medium and high-end Pentium were relegated to a much more humble role, identifying processors with what we consider as "basic skills" . However, that does not mean that the Pentium name itself is destined to disappear. Today, Intel maintains active three sockets: The 775, 1156 and 1366 The first is slowly displaced, while the other two focus all new models of processors, including the Pentium G6950 , released in January. So do not worry about the budget if you only reach for this new Pentium. At any time you can make the leap to a full CPU, but should not fail to remember the name Pentium has managed to make their mark in the world of computing, with news, attempts, failures and stunning successes. If it were not for the name Pentium, Intel probably would not be where it is now .

PLUMILLAS DE LA UPQ

DIAGRAMA.

INTEL EDISON.

                                                            Características.

A principios de este año, Intel anuncio la Intel Edison una pequeña computadora que tenia forma de una SD y que viene muy bien con el internet de las cosas y el mundo wearable. Ayer Intel a anunciado una versión que al parecer va a ser el diseño final, ya no tiene forma de SD, pero aun sigue siendo pequeña y toma la arquitectura x86.

Arduino y Raspberry Pi, pueden lucir muy parecidas, incluso es posible que hayamos asumido que este par de plataformas de hardware compiten para resolver problemas similares. En realidad son muy diferentes. Para empezar,Raspberry Pi es una computadora completamente funcional, mientras que Arduino es un microcontrolador, el cual es sólo un componente de una computadora.

Aunque el Arduino puede ser programado con pequeñas aplicaciones como C, este no puede ejecutar todo un sistema operativo y ciertamente no podrá ser el sustituto de tu computadora en un tiempo cercano. Aquí está una guía para diferenciar entre Arduino y Raspberry Pi, y para determinar cuál de los dos dispositivos de hackeo DIY se adapta mejor a tus necesidades como hacedor.

Arduino

Raspberry Pi modelo B

POLLO

POLLO.

New technologies, new world, goodbye old wing technology, telematics day today.

INICIO

Alumno:
Flavio David Hernandez Gudiño.

Grupo:
T112

TELEMATICA

¿WHAT IS TELEMATICS?

Telematics is to use software tools to add intelligence to traditional telecommunications or, rather, to offer computer services at a distance using telecommunication systems such as the Internet.

Telematics is a branch of engineering that arises from time telecommunications systems, such as telephone networks or computers begin to acquire higher intelligence. When a system gains understanding, we say that it is able to perform certain functions that can carry out a human. Technological advances in electronic and computer systems have enabled adding intelligence to ever smaller devices, starting from personal computers or laptops, to smartphones as new equiposmóviles. This, plus the explosive advancement of the global Internet network, has resulted in a growing need for professionals involved in the information technology and communication (ICT).